Estrategias de tratamiento en anemia gestacional por deficit de hierro: revisión narrativa de la literatura
Treatment strategies in gestational anemia due to iron deficiency: narrative review of the literature
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
La anemia en el embarazo es una condición médica común, fácil de manejar por los profesionales de la salud de cualquier nivel de atención. Objetivo: presentar opciones terapéuticas para la anemia gestacional e identificar las formas de prevenirla. Métodos: se hizo una revisión narrativa de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos electrónicas (MEDLINE vía PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science y Cochrane CENTRAL, entre otras), por medio de términos de búsqueda libres y estandarizados; entre 1990 y 2023. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales, casos y controles, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis. Resultados: se eligieron para esta revisión 103 publicaciones. Las intervenciones dietéticas recomendadas para prevenir la anemia gestacional deben incluir una mayor ingesta de hierro y vitamina C. El uso de suplementos de hierro se asoció con mejores niveles séricos de hierro. La biodisponibilidad del hierro oral es baja; muchas veces es ineficaz para prevenir y tratar el déficit de hierro, además, con frecuencia provoca efectos gastrointestinales. Las formulaciones de hierro intravenoso administradas en una serie de dosis única o múltiple son una opción disponible. Conclusiones: la terapéutica de la anemia gestacional debe alinearse con su causa; esta debe apuntar a reponer los déficits de hierro mediante la administración oral y/o intravenosa. El patrón dietético y el uso de suplementos de hierro se identificaron como factores preventivos. La suplementación prenatal de hierro ha de individualizarse teniendo en cuenta las reservas maternas de hierro, así como otras condiciones biológicas.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
World Health Organization. Guideline Daily Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
World Health Organization. Focusing on Anaemia: Towards an Integrated Approach for Effective Anaemia Control. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2004.
Espitia F, Orozco L. Anemia en el embarazo, un problema de salud que puede prevenirse. Revista Médicas UIS. 2013;26(3):45-50.
Harrison RK, Lauhon SR, Colvin ZA, McIntosh JJ. Maternal anemia and severe maternal morbidity in a US cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM [Internet]. 2021 Sep;3(5):100395. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100395.
Abu-Ouf NM, Jan MM. The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child's health. Saudi Med J [Internet]. 2015 Feb;36(2):146-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.2.10289.
WHO. Global prevalence of anemia in 2011. Geneva: Health organization; 2011.
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, Peña-Rosas JP, Bhutta ZA, Ezzati M; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anaemia). Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health [Internet]. 2013 Jul;1(1):e16-25. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9.
Liyew AM, Tesema GA, Alamneh TS, Worku MG, Teshale AB, Alem AZ, Tessema ZT, Yeshaw Y. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in East Africa; A multi-level analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021 Apr 27;16(4):e0250560. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250560.
World Health Organization. Global Nutrition Targets 2025, Policy Brief Series. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2014. WHO/NMH/NHD/14.2.
Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. 2022 Aug 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.
Kumar A, Sharma E, Marley A, Samaan MA, Brookes MJ. Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management. BMJ Open Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2022 Jan;9(1):e000759. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000759.
Hallberg L, Rossander-Hultén L. Iron requirements in menstruating women. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1991 Dec;54(6):1047-58. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1047.
Fisher AL, Nemeth E. Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Dec;106(Suppl 6):1567S-1574S. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155812.
Bothwell TH. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2000 Jul;72(1 Suppl):257S-264S. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.1.257S.
Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, Salvaggio C, Magliarditi M, Rizzo G. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J [Internet]. 2020 Sep 1;35(5):e166. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.108.
Gibore NS, Ngowi AF, Munyogwa MJ, Ali MM. Dietary Habits Associated with Anemia in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Services. Curr Dev Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Dec 11;5(1):nzaa178. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa178.
Api O, Breyman C, Çetiner M, Demir C, Ecder T. Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period: Iron deficiency anemia working group consensus report. Turk J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2015 Sep;12(3):173-181. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4274/tjod.01700.
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Scientific Opinion on the safety of heme iron (blood peptonates) for the proposed uses as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population, including food supplements. EFSA J 2010; 8: 1585.
Kumar A, Jain S, Singh NP, Singh T. Oral versus high dose parenteral iron supplementation in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet [Internet]. 2005 Apr;89(1):7-13. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.01.016.
Jacobs P, Johnson G, Wood L. Oral iron therapy in human subjects, comparative absorption between ferrous salts and iron polymaltose. J Med. 1984;15(5-6):367-77.
Auerbach M, Deloughery T. Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program [Internet]. 2016 Dec 2;2016(1):57-66. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57.
Abdelazim IA, Farghali M, Amer O. Ferric polymaltose complex in treatment of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia with pregnancy. Hematology 2020; 11:212-218.
Breymann C, Bian XM, Blanco-Capito LR, Chong C, Mahmud G, Rehman R. Expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period in the Asia-Pacific region. J Perinat Med [Internet]. 2011 Mar;39(2):113-21. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2010.132.
Rios LP, Ye C, Thabane L. Association between framing of the research question using the PICOT format and reporting quality of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet]. 2010 Feb 5;10:11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-11.
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resolución 8430 de 1993. Por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/RESOLUCION-8430-DE-1993.pdf
Abdelazim IA, Abu-Faza M, Shikanova S, Zhurabekova G, Maghrabi MM. Heme-bound iron in treatment of pregnancy-associated iron deficiency anemia. J Family Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2018 Nov-Dec;7(6):1434-1438. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_271_18.
Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, Allard S, Strong J, Oppenheimer C; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2012 Mar;156(5):588-600. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09012.x.
Maxton DG, Thompson RP, Hider RC. Absorption of iron from ferric hydroxypyranone complexes. Br J Nutr. [Internet]. 1994 Feb;71(2):203-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940127.
Geisser P. In vitro studies on interactions of iron salts and complexes with food-stuffs and medicaments. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990 Jul;40(7):754-60.
Muñoz M, Peña-Rosas JP, Robinson S, Milman N, Holzgreve W, Breymann C, Goffinet F, Nizard J, Christory F, Samama CM, Hardy JF. Patient blood management in obstetrics: management of anaemia and haematinic deficiencies in pregnancy and in the post-partum period: NATA consensus statement. Transfus Med [Internet]. 2018 Feb;28(1):22-39. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12443.
Khalafallah AA, Dennis AE. Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and postpartum: pathophysiology and effect of oral versus intravenous iron therapy. J Pregnancy [Internet]. 2012;2012:630519. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/630519.
NICE (2008) Antenatal Care. Clinical Guideline CG62. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London.
Sharma N. Iron absorption: IPC therapy is superior to conventional iron salts. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001:515–519.
Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 Aug 11;370(9586):511-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61235-5.
Khalafallah A, Dennis A, Bates J, Bates G, Robertson IK, Smith L, Ball MJ, Seaton D, Brain T, Rasko JE. A prospective randomized, controlled trial of intravenous versus oral iron for moderate iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy. J Intern Med [Internet]. 2010 Sep;268(3):286-95. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02251.x.
Auerbach M, Ballard H, Glaspy J. Clinical update: intravenous iron for anaemia. Lancet [Internet]. 2007 May 5;369(9572):1502-1504. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60689-8.
Khalafallah AA, Dennis AE, Ogden K, Robertson I, Charlton RH, Bellette JM, et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomised clinical trial of intravenous versus oral iron for anaemia in pregnancy. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2012 Oct 18;2(5):e000998. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000998.
Melamed N, Ben-Haroush A, Kaplan B, Yogev Y. Iron supplementation in pregnancy does the preparation matter? Arch Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2007 Dec;276(6):601-4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0388-3.
Bashiri A, Burstein E, Sheiner E, Mazor M. Anemia during pregnancy and treatment with intravenous iron: review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol [Internet]. 2003 Sep 10;110(1):2-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(03)00113-1.
Auerbach M, Goodnough LT, Picard D, Maniatis A. The role of intravenous iron in anemia management and transfusion avoidance. Transfusion [Internet]. 2008 May;48(5):988-1000. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01633.x.
Lawrence R. Development and comparison of iron dextran products. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 1998 Sep-Oct;52(5):190-7.
Auerbach M, Rodgers GM. Intravenous iron. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 Jul 5;357(1):93-4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc070203.
Hamstra RD, Block MH, Schocket AL. Intravenous iron dextran in clinical medicine. JAMA. 1980 May 2;243(17):1726-31.
Bhandari S. Beyond efficacy and safety-the need for convenient and cost-effective iron therapy in health care. NDT Plus [Internet]. 2011 Jun;4(Suppl 1):i14-i19. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr044.
Lacquaniti A, Gargano R, Campo S, Casuscelli di Tocco T, Schifilliti S, Monardo P. The Switch from Ferric Gluconate to Ferric Carboxymaltose in Hemodialysis Patients Acts on Iron Metabolism, Erythropoietin, and Costs: A Retrospective Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) [Internet]. 2023 Jun 2;59(6):1071. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061071.
Krafft A, Bencaiova G, Breymann C. Selective use of recombinant human erythropoietin in pregnant patients with severe anemia or nonresponsive to iron sucrose alone. Fetal Diagn Ther [Internet]. 2009;25(2):239-45. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1159/000223441.
Breymann C: The use of iron sucrose complex for anemia in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Semin Haematol [Internet]. 2006; 43 (Suppl. 6): S28-S31. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.08.002.
Van Wyck DB, Cavallo G, Spinowitz BS, Adhikarla R, Gagnon S, Charytan C, et al. Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2000 Jul;36(1):88-97. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2000.8276.
Chauhan N, Dogra P, Sharma R, Kant S, Soni M. Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ferrous Sulfate and Iron Sucrose in Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Feb 11;15(2):e34858. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34858.
Ge C, Reyes J, Queenan RA, Gherman RB. Rhabdomyolysis After Intravenous Iron Sucrose Infusion During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2023 May 4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005157.
Santra A, Sharma KA, Singh N, Yadav K, Kant S. Role of Intravenous Iron Sucrose in Severe Anemia in Late Pregnancy: A Case Report From Rural Ballabgarh, Haryana. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Feb 25;15(2):e35472. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35472.
Seid MH, Derman RJ, Baker JB, Banach W, Goldberg C, Rogers R. Ferric carboxymaltose injection in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2008 Oct;199(4):435.e1-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.046.
Breymann C, Gliga F, Bejenariu C, Strizhova N. Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet [Internet]. 2008 Apr;101(1):67-73. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.10.009.
Barish CF, Koch T, Butcher A, Morris D, Bregman DB. Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose (750 mg) in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Two Randomized, Controlled Trials. Anemia [Internet]. 2012;2012:172104. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/172104.
Moore RA, Gaskell H, Rose P, Allan J. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) from clinical trial reports and published trial data. BMC Blood Disord [Internet]. 2011 Sep 24;11:4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2326-11-4.
Geisser P. The pharmacology and safety profile of ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject®): structure/reactivity relationships of iron preparations. Port J Nephrol Hypert. 2009;23:11–6.
Froessler B, Schubert KO, Palm P, Church R, Aboustate N, Kelly TL, et al. Testing equivalence of two doses of intravenous iron to treat iron deficiency in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. BJOG [Internet]. 2023 Jan;130(1):15-23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17288.
Busnelli A, Fabiani C, Acerboni S, Moretti Montefusco S, Di Simone N, et al. Efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of iron deficiency anemia diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy: A case-control study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res [Internet]. 2023 Apr;49(4):1161-1166. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15558.
Trivedi P, Chitra S, Natarajan S, Amin V, Sud S, Vyas P, et al. Ferric Carboxymaltose in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: A Subgroup Analysis of a Multicenter Real-World Study Involving 1191 Pregnant Women. Obstet Gynecol Int [Internet]. 2022 Nov 28;2022:5759740. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5759740.
Kulnigg S, Stoinov S, Simanenkov V, Dudar LV, Karnafel W, Garcia LC, et al. A novel intravenous iron formulation for treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: the ferric carboxymaltose (FERINJECT) randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2008 May;103(5):1182-92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01744.x.
Breymann C, Visca E, Huch R, Huch A. Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered iron sucrose with and without adjuvant recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of resistant iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2001 Mar;184(4):662-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.111717.
Breymann C, Honegger C, Holzgreve W, Surbek D. Diagnostik und Therapie der Anämie in der Schwangerschaft und postpartal. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. Expertenbrief 2007 no. 22.
Beris P, Maniatis A, on behalf of the NATA working group on intravenous iron therapy. Guidelines on intravenous iron supplementation in surgery and obstetrics/gynecology. TATM transfus Altern Transfus Med 9(Suppl 1):29.
Murphy JF, O'Riordan J, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet [Internet]. 1986 May 3;1(8488):992-5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91269-9.
Scanlon KS, Yip R, Schieve LA, Cogswell ME. High and low hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: differential risks for preterm birth and small for gestational age. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2000 Nov;96(5 Pt 1):741-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00982-0.
Ren A, Wang J, Ye RW, Li S, Liu JM, Li Z. Low first-trimester hemoglobin and low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age newborns. Int J Gynaecol Obstet [Internet]. 2007 Aug;98(2):124-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.05.011.
Milman N. Prepartum anaemia: prevention and treatment. Ann Hematol [Internet]. 2008 Dec;87(12):949-59. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-008-0518-4.
Milman N. Iron and pregnancy--a delicate balance. Ann Hematol [Internet]. 2006 Sep;85(9):559-65. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-006-0108-2.
Appiah PK, Nkuah D, Bonchel DA. Knowledge of and Adherence to Anaemia Prevention Strategies among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Facilities in Juaboso District in Western-North Region, Ghana. J Pregnancy [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1;2020:2139892. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2139892.
World Health Organization. Strategies to Prevent Anemia: Recommendations from an expert group consultation, New Delhi, India, December 5-6, 2016.
Morey SS. CDC issues guidelines for prevention, detection and treatment of iron deficiency. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Oct 15;58(6):1475-7.
Beaton GH. Iron needs during pregnancy: do we need to rethink our targets? Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2000 Jul;72(1 Suppl):265S-271S. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.1.265S.
van der Put NM, van Straaten HW, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ. Folate, homocysteine and neural tube defects: an overview. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) [Internet]. 2001 Apr;226(4):243-70. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020122600402.
Gregory JR, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. 1990. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Tapiero H, Gaté L, Tew KD. Iron: deficiencies and requirements. Biomed Pharmacother [Internet]. 2001 Jul;55(6):324-32. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753-3322(01)00067-1.
Charlebois E, Pantopoulos K. Nutritional Aspects of Iron in Health and Disease. Nutrients [Internet]. 2023 May 24;15(11):2441. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112441.
Lal A. Iron in Health and Disease: An Update. Indian J Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 Jan;87(1):58-65. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-019-03054-8.
Ryan K, Bain BJ, Worthington D, James J, Plews D, Mason A, Roper D, Rees DC, de la Salle B, Streetly A; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Significant haemoglobinopathies: guidelines for screening and diagnosis. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2010 Apr;149(1):35-49. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08054.x.
Lynch SR. Interaction of iron with other nutrients. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 1997 Apr;55(4):102-10. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb06461.x.
Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, Allard S, Strong J, Oppenheimer C; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2012 Mar;156(5):588-600. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09012.x.
Worls Health Organization (WHO) The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2015. pp. 1–48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002401.
World Health Organization. The Global Prevalence of Anemia in 2011. World Health Organization; 2015.
World Health Organisation. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System 2011. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.pdf
Camaschella C. Iron deficiency. Blood [Internet]. 2019 Jan 3;133(1):30-39. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-05-815944.
Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, Cannings D, Kightley C, Logan RP, Pritchard DM, Sidhu R, Surgenor S, Thomas W, Verma AM, Goddard AF. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut [Internet]. 2021 Nov;70(11):2030-2051. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325210.
Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, Pereira DI, Powell JJ. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Feb 20;10(2):e0117383. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117383.
Monsen ER, Hallberg L, Layrisse M, Hegsted DM, Cook JD, Mertz W, Finch CA. Estimation of available dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1978 Jan;31(1):134-41. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/31.1.134.
Stoffel NU, Zeder C, Brittenham GM, Moretti D, Zimmermann MB. Iron absorption from supplements is greater with alternate day than with consecutive day dosing in iron-deficient anemic women. Haematologica [Internet]. 2020 May;105(5):1232-1239. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.220830.
Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, Jiskra M, Chatzinakou V, Tjalsma H, et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood [Internet]. 2015 Oct 22;126(17):1981-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-05-642223.
Lee TW, Kolber MR, Fedorak RN, van Zanten SV. Iron replacement therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with iron deficiency anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis [Internet]. 2012 Apr;6(3):267-75. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2011.09.010.
Joint United Kingdom (UK) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee. Parenteral iron, 2014. Disponible en: https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/transfusion-handbook/6-alternatives-and-adjuncts-to-blood-transfusion/6-4-parenteral-iron
Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T, Khalif IL, Stein J, Bokemeyer B, et al. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2011 Sep;141(3):846-853.e1-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.005.
Crowley CM, McMahon G, Desmond J, Imcha M. Skin staining following intravenous iron infusion. BMJ Case Rep [Internet]. 2019 Jun 6;12(6):e229113. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-229113.
Wolf M, Koch TA, Bregman DB. Effects of iron deficiency anemia and its treatment on fibroblast growth factor 23 and phosphate homeostasis in women. J Bone Miner Res [Internet]. 2013 Aug;28(8):1793-803. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1923.
Milman N, Agger AO, Nielsen OJ. Iron supplementation during pregnancy. Effect on iron status markers, serum erythropoietin and human placental lactogen. A placebo controlled study in 207 Danish women. Dan Med Bull. 1991 Dec;38(6):471-6.
Taylor DJ, Mallen C, McDougall N, Lind T. Effect of iron supplementation on serum ferritin levels during and after pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol [Internet]. 1982 Dec;89(12):1011-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb04656.x.
Fleming AF, Martin JD, Hahnel R, Westlake AJ. Effects of iron and folic acid antenatal supplements on maternal haematology and fetal wellbeing. Med J Aust [Internet]. 1974 Sep 21;2(12):429-36. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1974.tb70897.x.
Milman N. Iron prophylaxis in pregnancy—general or individual and in which dose? Ann Hematol [Internet]. 2008; 85:821–828 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-006-0145-x.
Milman N, Bergholt T, Eriksen L, Byg KE, Graudal N, Pedersen P, et al. Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy. How much iron is needed? A randomized dose- response study of 20-80 mg ferrous iron daily in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 2005 Mar;84(3):238-47. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00610.x.
Makrides M, Crowther CA, Gibson RA, Gibson RS, Skeaff CM. Efficacy and tolerability of low-dose iron supplements during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2003 Jul;78(1):145-53. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.1.145.
Eskeland B, Malterud K, Ulvik RJ, Hunskaar S. Iron supplementation in pregnancy: is less enough? A randomized, placebo controlled trial of low dose iron supplementation with and without heme iron. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 1997 Oct;76(9):822-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016349709024359.
Thomsen JK, Prien-Larsen JC, Devantier A, Fogh-Andersen N. Low dose iron supplementation does not cover the need for iron during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Internet]. 1993 Feb;72(2):93-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016349309023419.
Peña-Rosas JP, Viteri FE. Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD004736. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD004736.
