Cáncer gástrico: historia de la enfermedad y factores de riesgo

Gastric cancer: natural history and risk factors

Contenido principal del artículo

Tania Liseth Pérez Cala
Alejandra Cardona Estepa
Alonso Martínez
Resumen

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, incluido el cáncer, están sobrepasando a las enfermedades infecciosas como la principal amenaza de salud en países como Colombia. La economía colombiana está creciendo rápidamente, conduciendo al aumento en la calidad de vida. Este crecimiento se acompaña de cambios como: aumento del tabaquismo, estilos de vida sedentarios, consumo de alcohol, hábitos alimentarios no saludables, mayor exposición a contaminantes ambientales cancerígenos y envejecimiento de la población, lo que explica el aumento de los casos de cáncer relacionados con factores de riesgo prevenibles. Esto diverge de lo encontrado en países desarrollados, en donde la mortalidad específicamente para el cáncer gástrico muestra tendencia al descenso, ya sea como resultado de su detección temprana, por intervenciones preventivas, o por acceso a terapias efectivas. Por esto es importante desarrollar estudios que ayuden a determinar y caracterizar todas las variantes implicadas en la aparición y desarrollo de esta enfermedad en el país. El cáncer gástrico es un problema de salud pública en Colombia, presentando la mortalidad más alta por cáncer. Esta enfermedad es multifactorial y de larga evolución, se caracteriza por no presentar síntomas o signos específicos. Son necesarias las investigaciones orientadas a disminuir la carga de este cáncer, mediante la reducción del riesgo y por medio de la identificación de los posibles factores involucrados. Considerando la necesidad de recopilar información que permita identificar los factores involucrados en el desarrollo del cáncer gástrico en la región, se realizó esta revisión que busca recopilar la literatura publicada sobre factores de riesgo.

Palabras clave

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Biografía del autor/a (VER)

Tania Liseth Pérez Cala, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia

Bacterióloga, Magíster en Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas. Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.

Alejandra Cardona Estepa, Universidad de Antioquia

Estudiante de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia. Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.

Alonso Martínez, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia

Biólogo, Magister en Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Doctorado. Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

Referencias

American Cancer Society. What is stomach cancer? 16/06/2014, (2017). [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/stomach-cancer/about/what-is-stomach-cancer.html

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA. Cancer J. Clin. [Internet]. 2021;71(3):209-249. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.3322/caac.21660

Sierra MS, Cueva P, Bravo LE, Forman D. Stomach cancer burden in Central and South America. Cancer Epidemiol. [Internet]. 2016;44:S62-S73. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2016.03.008

Dore MP, Pes GM. What Is New in Helicobacter pylori Diagnosis. An Overview. J. Clin. Med. [Internet]. 2021;10(10):2091. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm10102091

Khatoon J. Role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: Updates. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. [Internet]. 2016;8(2):147. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102091

Agudo A, Cayssials V, Bonet C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Affret A, Fagherazzi G, Katzke V, Schübel R, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, La Vecchia C, Palli D, Grioni S, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Peeters PH, Weiderpass E, Skeie G, Nøst TH, Lasheras C, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Amiano P, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Ohlsson B, Dias JA, Nilsson LM, Myte R, Khaw KT, Perez-Cornago A, Gunter M, Huybrechts I, Cross AJ, Tsilidis K, Riboli E, Jakszyn P. Inflammatory potential of the diet and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. [Internet]. 2018;107(4):607-616. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ajcn/nqy002

Oliveros R, Pinilla-Morales RE, Facundo-Navia H, Sánchez-Pedraza R. Cáncer gástrico: una enfermedad prevenible. Estrategias para intervención en la historia natural. Rev. Colomb. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2019;34(2):177-189 . Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.22516/25007440.394

El-Zimaity H, H Ridell R. Inflammatory Disorders of the Stomach. In: Odze and Goldblum Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. 4th ed. Elsevier, 2015. p. 352-401.

Kim TH, Shivdasani RA. Stomach development, stem cells and disease. Development. [Internet]. 2016;143(4):554-565. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1242/dev.124891

Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Williams JM, Pritchard DM. Helicobacter pylori -induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models. Dis. Model. Mech. [Internet]. 2017;10(2):89-104. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.027649

Bhaskar KR, Garik P, Turner B, Douglas Bradley J, Bansil R, Stanley E, LaMont JT .Viscous fingering of HCl through gastric mucin. Nature. [Internet]. 1992;360(6403):458-461. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1038/360458a0

Correa P, Piazuelo MB. The gastric precancerous cascade. J. Dig. Dis. [Internet]. 2012;13(1):2-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x

Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum S, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet. [Internet]. 1975;2 (7924): 58-60.

Correa P. The gastric precancerous process. Cancer Surv. [Internet]. 1983;2(3):437-450. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x

Piazuelo MB, Correa P. Gastric cáncer: Overview. Colomb. Med. [Internet]. 2013;44(3):192-201. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v44i3.1263

Tahara E. Molecular biology of gastric cancer. World J. Surg. [Internet]. 1995;19(4):484-8; discussion 489-90.

Tahara E. Genetic pathways of two types of gastric cancer. IARC Sci. Publ. 2004;157:327-49

Pérez-Cala T, Camargo M, Martinez A. Factores genéticos y epigenéticos del cáncer gástrico. Actual. Biológicas. [Internet]. 2017;39(106):5-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ijc.31839.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. [Internet]. 2014;513(7517):202-209. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nature13480

Molaei M, Ehtiati A, Mashayekhi R, Rafizadeh M, Zojaji H, Mirsattari D, Kishani Farahani R.Gastric atrophy: Use of OLGA staging system in practice. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. from Bed to Bench. [Internet]. 2016;9(1):25-29. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26744611/

Ramírez-Mendoza P, Hernández-Briseño L, Casarrubias-Ramírez M, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Ángeles-Garay U. [Atrophy in the mucosa neighboring an intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma by comparing the Sydney vs. OLGA systems]. Rev. Médica del Inst. Mex. del Seguro Soc. 2015;53(5):584-90. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383808

Rugge M, de Boni M, Pennelli G, de Bona M, Giacomelli L, Fassan M, Basso D, Plebani M, Graham DY. Gastritis OLGA-staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve-year clinico-pathological follow-up study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. [Internet]. 2010;31(10):1104-11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04277.x

Martínez D, Otero W, Ricaurte O. Impacto del sistema OLGA en la detección de gastritis crónica atrófica en Colombia: un estudio de casos y controles. Rev. Colomb. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2016;31(4):360-367. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcg/v31n4/v31n4a06.pdf

Jencks DS, Adam JD, Borum ML, Koh JM, Stephen S, Doman DB. Overview of Current Concepts in Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. [Internet]. (N.Y). 2018;14(2):92-101. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29606921/

World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Hamilton S, Aaltonen, L. (Eds). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000). Disponible en: https://patologi.com/who%20mage.pdf

Sung JK. Diagnosis and management of gastric dysplasia. Korean J. Intern. [Internet]. Med. 2016;31(2):201-209. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2016.021

Kato M. Diagnosis and therapies for gastric non-invasive neoplasia. World J. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2015;21(44):12513. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12513

Lauren P. The Two Histological Main Types of Gastric Carcinoma: Diffuse and So-Called Intestinal-Type Carcinoma. An Attempt at a Histo-Clinical Classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. [Internet].1965;64:31-49.

Pardo C, Cendales R. Incidencia, mortalidad y prevalencia de cáncer en Colombia, 2007-2011. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INC), 2015.

Piñeros M, Gamboa O, Hernández-Suárez G, Pardo C, Bray F. Patterns and trends in cancer mortality in Colombia 1984-2008. Cancer Epidemiol. [Internet]. 2013;37(3): 233-9 . Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2013.02.003

Garziera M, Canzonieri V, Cannizzaro R, Geremia S, Caggiari L, De Zorzi M, Maiero S, Orzes E, Perin T,Zanussi S, De Paoli P, De Re V. Identification and characterization of CDH1 germline variants in sporadic gastric cancer patients and in individuals at risk of gastric cancer. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2013;8:e77035. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0077035

Bessède E, Dubus P, Mégraud F, Varon C. Helicobacter pylori infection and stem cells at the origin of gastric cancer. Oncogene. [Internet]. 2014;May:1-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2014.187

Karimi P, Islami F, Anandasabapathy S, Freedman ND, Kamangar F. Gastric Cancer: Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, and Prevention. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. [Internet]. 2014;23(5):700-713. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1057

Liu X, Liu J, Qiu H, et al. Prognostic significance of Epstein-Barr virus infection in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. [Internet]. 2015;15(1):782. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1813-9

Lazarevic K, Nagorni A, Rancic N, Milutinovic S, Stosic L, Ilijev I. Dietary factors and gastric cancer risk: hospital-based case control study. J. BUON. [Internet]. 2010;15(1):89-93. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414933

Yang WG, Chen CB, Wang ZX, Liu YP, Wen XY, Zhang SF, Sun TW.

A case-control study on the relationship between salt intake and salty taste and risk of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2011;17(15): 2049-2053 . Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i15.2049

Organización Mundial de la Salud. Programas nacionales de control del cáncer. 2nd ed. Washington D.C: Organización Mundial de la Salud: 2004.

Czyzewska J. Risk Factors in Gastric Carcinoma. In: Gastric Carcinoma New Insights into Current Managment. IntechOpen; 2013.

Gómez-Zuleta M, et al. Factores de riesgo para cáncer gástrico en pacientes colombianos. Rev Col Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2009;24(2):134-143. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572009000200007&lng=en&nrm=iso

Bizzozero GB. Seduta del 18 marzo 1892. en Giornale delľAccademia di Medicina di Torino. 1892;40: 205.

Warren M, Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983;1(8336):1273-5.

World Health Organization (WHO). Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 61; 1994.

Praszkier J, Sutton P, Ferrero R. Virulence Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori: An Overview. In: Backert S, Yamaoka Y, editors. Helicobacter pylori Research. Springer Japan; 2016. P. 57-87.

de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob. Heal. [Internet]. 2020;8(2):e180-e190. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7

Cam S. Risk of Gastric Cancer in Children with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. [Internet]. 2014;15(22):9905-9908. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9905

Adrada JC, Calambás FH, Díaz JE., Delgado DO, Sierra CH. Características sociodemográficas y clínicas en una población con cáncer gástrico en el departmento de Cauca, Colombia. Rev. Colomb. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2008;23:309-314. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572008000400004

Correa GS, Cardona AF, Correa G, Correa L, García HI, Estrada S.Prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori y características histopatológicas en biopsias gástricas de pacientes con síntomas dispépticos en un centro de referencia de Medellín. Rev. Colomb. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2016;31:9-15. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572016000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso

Peek RM, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Nat. Rev. Cancer. [Internet]. 2002;2(1):28-37. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc703

Romano M, Ricci V, Zarrilli R. Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis--implications for chemoprevention. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. [Internet]. 2006;3(11):622-632. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0634

Bergman M, Prete GD, Kooyk Y, Appelmelk B. Helicobacter pylori phase variation, immune modulation and gastric autoimmunity. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. [Internet]. 2006;4(2):151-159. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1344

Ubukata H. et al. Why is the coexistence of gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer rare? Examination of factors related to both gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer. Gastric cancer. [Internet]. 2011;14(1):4-12. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0005-9

Huether S. Alterations of Digestive Function. In: Craft J, et al. Editors. Understanding Pathophysiology. 2nd ed. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia; 2015. p 906-937.

Graham DY. History of Helicobacter pylori, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2014;20(18):5191-204. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5191

Polk DB, Peek RM. Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat. Rev. Cancer. [Internet]. 2010;10(6):403-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2857

Fischer F, De Reuse H. Adaptation of Helicobacter pylori Metabolism to Persistent Gastric Colonization. In: Backert S, Yamaoka Y, editors. Helicobacter pylori Research. Springer Japan; 2016. p 57-87.

Geuther A. Ueber die Einwirkung von salpetrigsaurem Kali auf salzsaures Diäthylamin. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1863;128(2):151-156.

Magee PN, Barnes JM. The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine. Br J Cancer. 1956;10(1):114-122.

Freund HA. Clinical manifestations and studies in parenchymatous hepatitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1937;10(8):1144-1155.

Hughes ED, Ridd J. H. Nitrosation, diazotization, and deamination. VI. Comparative discussion of the mechanisms of N- and O-nitrosation with special reference to diazotization. J. Chem. Soc. 1958:88-98.

World Health Organization (WHO). Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 94; IARC Press; 2010.

World Health Organization (WHO). Some Inorganic Substances, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Amines, N-Nitroso Compounds, and Natural Products. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 1. IARC Press; 1972.

Bulbulyan MA, Jourenkova NJ, Boffetta P, Astashevsky SV, Mukeria AF, Zaridze DG. Mortality in a cohort of Russian fertilizer workers. Scand J Work Env. Heal. [Internet]. 1996;22(1):27-33. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.105

Engemann A, Focke C, Humpf HU. Intestinal Formation of N -Nitroso Compounds in the Pig Cecum Model. J. Agric. Food Chem. [Internet]. 2013;61(4): 998-1005. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf305040e

Jakszyn P, Agudo A, Ibáñez R, García-Closas R, Pera G, Amiano P, González CA. Nutrition and Cancer Development of a Food Database of Nitrosamines, Heterocyclic Amines, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Nutr. [Internet]. 2011;134(8):2011-2014. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.8.2011

Tatematsu M, Takahashi M, Fukushima S, Hananouchi M, Shirai T. Effects in rats of sodium chloride on experimental gastric cancers induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. J Natl Cancer Inst. [Internet]. 1975;55(1):101-6. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/55.1.101

Ward MH. Too much of a good thing? Nitrate from nitrogen fertilizers and cancer. Rev. Environ. Health. [Internet]. 2009;24(4):357-63. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh.2009.24.4.357

Ahmed M, Rauf M, Mukhtar Z, Saeed NA. Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers: an unawareness causing serious threats to environment and human health. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. [Internet]. 2017;24(35):26983-26987. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres.2006.11.008

Mills PK, Yang RC. Agricultural exposures and gastric cancer risk in Hispanic farm workers in California. Env. Res. [Internet]. 2007;104(2):282-289.

Fundación Ibérica para la Seguridad Alimentaria. Nitritos, nitratos y nitrosaminas. 2013.

Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health. Annu. Rev. Nutr. [Internet]. 2013;33:129-59. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161159

Torres J. et al. Gastric cancer incidence and mortality is associated with altitude in the mountainous regions of Pacific Latin America. Cancer Causes Control. [Internet]. 2013;24(2):249-256. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10552-012-0114-8.Gastric

Martínez Marín JD. et al. Características de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico del departamento de Cundinamarca, remitidos al Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana entre los años 2004 y 2009. Rev Col Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2010;25:344-348. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.014

Montero-Oleas N, Núñez-González S, Simancas-Racines D. The remarkable geographical pattern of gastric cancer mortality in Ecuador. Cancer Epidemiol. [Internet]. 2017;51:92-97. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.014

Keszei AP, Goldbohm RA., Schouten LJ, Jakszyn P, van den Brandt PA. Dietary N-nitroso compounds, endogenous nitrosation, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. [Internet]. 2013;97(1):135-46. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.043885

Du H, Leng J, Wang, P, Li L, Wang Y. Impact of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-derived DNA adducts on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. [Internet]. 2018; 293(28):11100–11108. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA118.003477

Chikan NA. et al. N-Nitrosodimethylamine in the Kashmiri Diet and Possible Roles in the High Incidence of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. [Internet]. 2012;13(3):1077-1079. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.3.1077

Fahrer J, Kaina B. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in the defense against N-nitroso compounds and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. [Internet]. 2013;34(11): 2435-2442. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt275

Haas SL., Ye W, Lohr JM. Alcohol consumption and digestive tract cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. [Internet]. 2012;15(5):457-467. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283566699

World Health Organization (WHO). Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 96; IARC Press; 2010.

Capurso G, Lahner E. The interaction between smoking, alcohol and the gut microbiome. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2017;31(5):579-588. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.006

Qin S, Huang K., Fang Z, Yin J, Dai R. The effect of Astragaloside IV on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats: Involvement of inflammation. Int. Immunopharmacol. [Internet]. 2017;52:211-217. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.011

Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y el Registro de Enfermedades. Resúmenes de Salud Pública - N-nitrosodimetilamina (N-nitrosodimethylamine),06/05/2016, (2016) [Internet]. Disponible en https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/es/phs/es_phs141.html. (Accedido: 29 mayo 2018)

World Health Organization (WHO). Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 83. IARC Press; 2004.

Praud D. et al. Cigarette smoking and gastric cancer in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. [Internet]. 2018;27(2):124-133. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000290

Chow JY, Ma L, Zhu M, Cho C. H. The potentiating actions of cigarette smoking on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Gastroenterology 1997;113(4):1188-97.

Leung C, Tsai K. DNA Methylation in Aggressive Gastric Carcinoma In: Gastric Carcinoma New Insights into Current Managment. IntechOpen; 2013. p 223-246.

Dong J, Thrift AP. Alcohol, smoking and risk of oesophago-gastric cancer. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. [Internet]. 2017;31(5):509-517. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.002

Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M. Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism. [Internet]. 2019;92:121-135. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001

Poorolajal J, Moradi L, Mohammadi Y, Cheraghi Z, Gohari-Ensaf F. Risk factors for stomach cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol. Health. [Internet]. 2020;42:e2020004. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.4178/epih.e2020004

Cogliano VJ. et al. Preventable Exposures Associated With Human Cancers. JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. [Internet]. 2011;103(24):1827-1839. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr483

Backert S, Yamaoka Y, editors. Helicobacter pylori Research from Bench to Bedside. Springer Japan; 2016.

D’Elios MM, Czinn SJ. Immunity, Inflammation, and Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. [Internet]. 2014;19:19-26. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12156

Sun X. et al. Association between IL-1β polymorphisms and gastritis risk: A meta-analysis. Medicine. [Internet]. 2017;96(5):e6001. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006001

Wang F, Meng W, Wang B, Qiao L. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. [Internet]. 2014;345(2): 196-202. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.016

Rivas-Ortiz C I, Lopez-Vidal Y, Arredondo-Hernandez LJ, Castillo-Rojas G. Genetic Alterations in Gastric Cancer Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front. Med. [Internet]. 2017;42(6):708-716. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00047

Cancer National Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Stomach Cancer. 30/01/2021, (2019). [Internet]. Disponible en: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html

Henderson BE, Lee NH, Seewaldt V, Shen H. The influence of race and ethnicity on the biology of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. [Internet]. 2012;12(9):648-653. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3341

Luu MN, Quach DT, Hiyama T. Screening and surveillance for gastric cancer: Does family history play an important role in shaping our strategy? Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. [Internet]. 2021;1-10. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.13704

Kim W, Kidambi T, Lin J, Idos G. Genetic Syndromes Associated with Gastric Cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. [Internet]. 2022;32:147-162. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8

Lenti M. V. et al. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. [Internet]. 2020;6(1):56. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0187-8

Vannella L, Lahner E., Osborn J, Annibale B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. [Internet]. 2013;37(3):375-382. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12177

Song M, Latorre G, Ivanovic-Zuvic D, Camargo MC, Rabkin C S. Autoimmune Diseases and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Res. Treat. [Internet]. 2019;51(3):841-850. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.151

Zádori N. et al. Six Autoimmune Disorders Are Associated With Increased Incidence of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Half a Million Patients. Front. Immunol. [Internet]. 2021;12:750533. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.750533

Song M, Camargo MC, Derkach A, Rabkin CS, Engels EA. Associations between Autoimmune Conditions and Gastric Cancer Risk among Elderly Adults in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. Publish Ah. [Internet]. 2021;117(3):486-490. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001622

De Oliveira JG. et al. Influence of functional polymorphisms in TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 cytokine genes on mRNA expression levels and risk of gastric cancer. Tumor Biol. [Internet]. 2015;36(12):9159-9170. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3593-x

Tongtawee T. et al. Genetic polymorphisms in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR10 of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. [Internet]. 2018;27(2):118-123. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000347

Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci. [Internet]. 2017;178:17-29. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006

Kamiya S, Backert S. Helicobacter pylori in Human Diseases. Vol 11. Springer International Publishing; 2019.

Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Molecular Pathogenesis and Signal Transduction by Helicobacter pylori. Springer International Publishing; 2017.

Khan AA, Khan Z, Warnakulasuriya S. Cancer-associated toll-like receptor modulation and insinuation in infection susceptibility: association or coincidence? Ann. Oncol. [Internet]. 2016;27(6):984-997. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw053

Hishida A, Matsuo K, Goto Y, Hamajima N. Genetic predisposition to Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric precancerous conditions. World J. Gastroenterol. Oncol. [Internet]. 2010;2(10):369-79. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v2.i10.369

Zhao D. et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes are associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer and are not associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect. Genet. Evol. [Internet]. 2019;73:384-389. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.06.005

Sistema OJS - Metabiblioteca |