Mieloma múltiple: del genoma a la medicina de precisión
Multiple myeloma: from the genome to precision medicine
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
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Introducción: el mieloma múltiple (MM) es un trastorno de proliferación clonal de células plasmáticas. Se caracteriza por una marcada heterogeneidad biológica y clínica. La inestabilidad genómica asociada a la maduración de las células plasmáticas origina alteraciones recurrentes, desempeñan un papel central en la patogénesis del MM. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la arquitectura genética del MM y su impacto en el pronóstico y el tratamiento.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura centrada en los avances recientes sobre las bases moleculares del MM, integrando hallazgos en genómica, epigenética, inmunología y microambiente tumoral con énfasis en su aplicabilidad clínica.
Resultados: las alteraciones genéticas del MM se clasifican en eventos primarios y secundarios, responsables de la iniciación y progresión de la enfermedad, asociados o no a hiperdiploidia. La interacción con el microambiente medular favorece la progresión tumoral y la evasión inmunológica. El conocimiento detallado de estas alteraciones ha permitido desarrollar escalas pronósticas que identifican a pacientes de alto riesgo candidatos a terapias más intensivas. Asimismo, se han identificado nuevos blancos terapéuticos, que han impulsado el desarrollo de terapias linfodireccionadas, incluyendo CAR-T y anticuerpos biespecíficos, con respuestas profundas y sostenidas. Un subgrupo de pacientes con citogenética favorable y respuestas duraderas alcanza supervivencias superiores a 10 años, apoyando el concepto de cura funcional.
Conclusión: la integración de datos multiómicos y la actualización de las escalas pronósticas permitirán avanzar hacia una medicina de precisión, incrementando las remisiones prolongadas y reduciendo la toxicidad del tratamiento continuo.
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