Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario

Molecular biology of epithelial ovarian cancer

Publicado 2026-02-17

Resumen gráfico Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario
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Viveros-Carreño D, Cruz-Castro C, Fernandes A, Bryon-Gallego A, Martínez-Cruz L, Mora-Soto N, et al. Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 17];13(1-Supl):310-29. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.839

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Vol. 13 Núm. 1-Supl (2026): Biología molecular tumoral: de la básica a la clínica
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Viveros-Carreño D, Cruz-Castro C, Fernandes A, Bryon-Gallego A, Martínez-Cruz L, Mora-Soto N, et al. Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 17];13(1-Supl):310-29. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.839
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

David Viveros-Carreño
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-0627
Claudia Cruz-Castro
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6936-7162
Andreina Fernandes
Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Venezuela
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-2696
Adriana Bryon-Gallego
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4473-9570
Lucía Martínez-Cruz
Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center image/svg+xml
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0375-8174
Mostrar biografía de los autores

David Viveros-Carreño,

Médico. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia. Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Grupo de Investigación Salud de la Mujer Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia.

Claudia Cruz-Castro,

Médica. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia.

Andreina Fernandes,

PhD. Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Venezuela.

Adriana Bryon-Gallego,

Médica. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia. Departamento de Patología. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia.  Departamento de Patología. Clínica Colsanitas. Bogotá, Colombia

Lucía Martínez-Cruz,

Médica. Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

Nathalia Mora-Soto,

Médica. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Clínica la Colina - Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.

René Pareja,

Médico. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia. Clínica de Oncología Astorga, Medellín, Colombia.

Nuria Agustí,

Médica. Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Marc Pierre,

Médico. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: el cáncer epitelial de ovario es una neoplasia heterogénea y de alta mortalidad, caracterizada por diversos subtipos histológicos y moleculares que condicionan su comportamiento clínico, pronóstico y respuesta terapéutica. El carcinoma seroso de alto grado es el subtipo más frecuente y se asocia a diagnóstico en estadios avanzados y elevada tasa de recurrencia.

Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica sobre los aspectos histopatológicos, moleculares y terapéuticos del cáncer epitelial de ovario, con énfasis en la caracterización molecular, los avances en terapias dirigidas y el papel emergente de la biopsia líquida.

Resultados: el carcinoma seroso de alto grado presenta una marcada inestabilidad genómica, mutaciones en TP53 y alteraciones en la vía de recombinación homóloga, especialmente mutaciones germinales o somáticas en BRCA1/2, lo que ha permitido la incorporación de inhibidores de PARP como estrategia terapéutica. Otros subtipos menos frecuentes (endometrioide, de células claras, mucinoso y seroso de bajo grado) exhiben perfiles moleculares distintos, con mutaciones recurrentes en ARID1A, PIK3CA, KRAS o CTNNB1, que tienen implicaciones pronósticas y terapéuticas específicas. La clasificación transcriptómica propuesta por The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identifica subtipos inmunorreactivo, mesenquimal, proliferativo y diferenciado, reflejando la complejidad biológica del tumor. Asimismo, las estrategias de mantenimiento con terapias dirigidas, como bevacizumab y los inhibidores de PARP (olaparib, niraparib y rucaparib), han demostrado mejorar los desenlaces en pacientes seleccionadas. La biopsia líquida emerge como una herramienta prometedora para el monitoreo dinámico de la enfermedad y la detección temprana de recurrencias.

Conclusiones: la integración de la información clínica, molecular y del microambiente tumoral es fundamental para avanzar hacia un manejo verdaderamente personalizado del cáncer epitelial de ovario, optimizando la selección terapéutica y mejorando los resultados clínicos.

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