Molecular biology of epithelial ovarian cancer

Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario

Published 2026-02-17

Resumen gráfico Biología molecular del cáncer epitelial de ovario
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Viveros-Carreño D, Cruz-Castro C, Fernandes A, Bryon-Gallego A, Martínez-Cruz L, Mora-Soto N, et al. Molecular biology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 18];13(1-Supl):310-29. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.839

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Vol. 13 No. 1-Supl (2026): Biología molecular tumoral: de la básica a la clínica
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Viveros-Carreño D, Cruz-Castro C, Fernandes A, Bryon-Gallego A, Martínez-Cruz L, Mora-Soto N, et al. Molecular biology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 18];13(1-Supl):310-29. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.839
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David Viveros-Carreño
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-0627
Claudia Cruz-Castro
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6936-7162
Andreina Fernandes
Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Venezuela
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-2696
Adriana Bryon-Gallego
Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4473-9570
Lucía Martínez-Cruz
Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center image/svg+xml
Roles:  
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0375-8174
Show authors biography

David Viveros-Carreño,

Médico. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia. Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Grupo de Investigación Salud de la Mujer Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia.

Claudia Cruz-Castro,

Médica. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia.

Andreina Fernandes,

PhD. Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Venezuela.

Adriana Bryon-Gallego,

Médica. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia. Departamento de Patología. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia.  Departamento de Patología. Clínica Colsanitas. Bogotá, Colombia

Lucía Martínez-Cruz,

Médica. Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

Nathalia Mora-Soto,

Médica. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Clínica la Colina - Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia.

René Pareja,

Médico. Departamento de Ginecología Oncológica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Bogotá, Colombia. Clínica de Oncología Astorga, Medellín, Colombia.

Nuria Agustí,

Médica. Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Marc Pierre,

Médico. Unidad Ginecología Oncológica, Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia

Introduction: epithelial ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous neoplasm with high mortality, characterized by diverse histological and molecular subtypes that determine its clinical behavior, prognosis, and therapeutic response. High-grade serous carcinoma is the most frequent subtype and is associated with diagnosis at advanced stages and a high recurrence rate.

Methods: a narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted focusing on the histopathological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects of epithelial ovarian cancer, with particular emphasis on molecular characterization, advances in targeted therapies, and the emerging role of liquid biopsy.

Results: high-grade serous carcinoma exhibits marked genomic instability, ubiquitous TP53 mutations, and alterations in the homologous recombination repair pathway, particularly germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1/2. These findings have enabled the incorporation of PARP inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy. Other less frequent subtypes—endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, and low-grade serous carcinomas—display distinct molecular profiles, with recurrent mutations in ARID1A, PIK3CA, KRAS, or CTNNB1, which carry specific prognostic and therapeutic implications. Transcriptomic classification proposed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identifies immunoreactive, mesenchymal, proliferative, and differentiated subtypes, reflecting the biological complexity of the tumor. In addition, maintenance strategies with targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab and PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib), have demonstrated improved outcomes in selected patients. Liquid biopsy is emerging as a promising tool for dynamic disease monitoring and early detection of recurrence.

Conclusions: integration of clinical, molecular, and tumor microenvironment information is essential to advance toward truly personalized management of epithelial ovarian cancer, optimizing therapeutic selection and improving clinical outcomes.

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