piRNAs and PIWI-like proteins in cancer and their future as biomarkers and therapy targets in breast cancer

piARNs y proteínas similares a PIWI en el cáncer y su futuro como biomarcadores y objetivos terapéuticos en el cáncer de mama

Published 2024-06-30

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piRNAs and PIWI-like proteins in cancer and their future as biomarkers and therapy targets in breast cancer.
Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2024 Jun. 30 [cited 2024 Dec. 21];11(1):80-94. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.701
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Jheremy Sebastian Reyes Barreto
University of Los Andes image/svg+xml
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7366-0881
    Cristian Sebastián Cabezas Varela
    University of Los Andes image/svg+xml
      https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4180-3463
      Leidy Viviana Girón Jurado
      Universidad de Santander image/svg+xml
        https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9698-1653
        Ana Margarita Baldión Elorza
        Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá image/svg+xml
          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3785-2237
          Show authors biography

          Jheremy Sebastian Reyes Barreto,

          Médico, Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia.

          Cristian Sebastián Cabezas Varela,

          Médico, Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia.

          Leidy Viviana Girón Jurado,

          Médica, Universidad de Santander, Colombia.

          Ana Margarita Baldión Elorza,

          Médica, Patóloga.

          Globally, breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer, with 2.296.840 new cases in 2020 with almost 700.000 related deaths. Due to the high burden this represents, it is imperative to expand horizons to be able to find novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets that can be used to improve prognosis, treatment, and survival of breast cancer patients. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted looking for the association between piRNAs (PIWI – interacting RNAs) and the development, pathogenesis, metastasis, and progression of different types of cancer, including BC. PiRNAs are small molecules (24-31 nucleotides) that interact with the PIWI-protein complex (PIWI-like proteins - HIWI/HILI in humans) performing regulatory functions by inducing transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational epigenetic changes, which has been observed to contribute to cancer development through modifications in cell proliferation, transposon silencing, genome rearrangement, epigenetic regulation, protein regulation, and stem cell maintenance. In breast cancer, a strong association has been found between the expression of some piRNAs, PIWI-like proteins and tumor development. If a specific piRNA could be associated with a distinct type of cancer, it could then be used as an early biomarker which would allow for a better prognosis. Findings surrounding these molecular mechanisms could also spark interest in studies focusing on the modification of the expression of piRNAs in cancer cells. In this article, we intend to review in a straightforward manner the current information about piRNAs/PIWI-like proteins focusing on their expression in BC.

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