Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal

Molecular biology of colorectal cancer

Publicado 2026-02-17

Resumen gráfico Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal
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Garcia-Foncillas J, Jiménez-Vásquez P, Avila-Rodriguez V, Guerrero-Macías S, Manrique ME, Rendón-Hernández J, et al. Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 17];13(1-Supl):281-309. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.853

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Vol. 13 Núm. 1-Supl (2026): Biología molecular tumoral: de la básica a la clínica
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Garcia-Foncillas J, Jiménez-Vásquez P, Avila-Rodriguez V, Guerrero-Macías S, Manrique ME, Rendón-Hernández J, et al. Biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal. Rev. colomb. hematol. oncol. [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 17 [cited 2026 Feb. 17];13(1-Supl):281-309. https://doi.org/10.51643/22562915.853
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Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid image/svg+xml
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-8006
Paola Jiménez-Vásquez
Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-7642
Vaneza Avila-Rodriguez
Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-6883
Silvia Guerrero-Macías
Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-3567
María Eugenia Manrique
Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento sobre Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
Roles:  
Perfil Google Scholar
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-8752
Mostrar biografía de los autores

Jesus Garcia-Foncillas ,

Full Professor of Oncology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid. Director, Professorship on Innovation in Science and Health, Autonomous University of Madrid-Merck. Director, OncoHealth Institute. Director, Department of Oncology. Director, Translational Oncology Division, Research Institute FJD-UAM. Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid. Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital. Infanta Elena University Hospital. Villalva University General Hospital.

Paola Jiménez-Vásquez,

Médico Cirujano, Médico Internista, Oncología Médica

Vaneza Avila-Rodriguez ,

Médico internista, Universidad Javeriana. Unidad de Asistencia Funcional de Hospitalización, CTIC. Master en Oncología Molecular, Centro de Estudios Biosanitarios.

Silvia Guerrero-Macías,

Cirujana Oncóloga, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada.  Estudiante Escuela Europea de Oncología Peritoneal.

María Eugenia Manrique,

Cirujana Gastrointestinal y Endoscopia, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Coordinadora Servicio de Cirugía Gastrointestinal. Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia.

Juliana Rendón-Hernández,

Cirujana Gastrointestinal y Endoscopia Digestiva UMNG, INC. Médico Especialista Unidad Funcional Cirugía Gastrointestinal y Tumores Neuroendocrinos, Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia. Médico Especialista Unidad Funcional Cirugía Gastrointestinal, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. PhD (c ) Oncología Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Investigadora Junior para Minciencias. 

Julieth Montano Angarita,

Enfermera, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Especialista en Enfermería Oncológica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Especialista en Gerencia Hospitalaria, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.

Juan Fernando Calvo,

Médico y Cirujano, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Médico Hospitalario, Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia.

Carlos Eduardo Bonilla,

Médico Cirujano, Especialista en Medicina Interna, Especialista en Oncología Clínica, Especialista en Docencia Universitaria. Actualmente Médico Oncólogo Clinico, Jefe UFC Gastrointestinal en Centro de Tratamiento e Investigación sobre Cáncer.

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal es una de las principales causas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer a nivel mundial. Su desarrollo resulta de una compleja interacción entre alteraciones genéticas, epigenéticas y del microambiente tumoral.

Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica relevante sobre la biología molecular del cáncer colorrectal, incluyendo vías de carcinogénesis, síndromes hereditarios, biomarcadores clínicamente relevantes y aplicaciones de la biopsia líquida.

Resultados: la patogénesis del cáncer colorrectal se organiza en tres vías principales de inestabilidad genómica: inestabilidad cromosómica, caracterizada por alteraciones en APC, TP53 y activación de RAS/MAPK; inestabilidad de microsatélites, secundaria a deficiencia del sistema de reparación de errores de emparejamiento, asociada a alta carga mutacional y sensibilidad a inmunoterapia; y el fenotipo metilador de islas CpG, frecuentemente relacionado con mutaciones en BRAF y silenciamiento de MLH1. Aproximadamente el 10% de los casos corresponde a síndromes hereditarios, principalmente síndrome de Lynch y síndromes polipósicos. Biomarcadores moleculares permiten estratificación pronóstica y selección terapéutica, mientras que el ADN tumoral circulante emerge como herramienta para detección de enfermedad mínima residual y monitorización de la evolución clonal.

Conclusión: la integración de la biología molecular en el manejo del cáncer colorrectal constituye un pilar de la oncología de precisión, optimizando el diagnóstico, el pronóstico y la selección de terapias personalizadas.

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